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Atlas/Presidents/John F. Kennedy
Official measure

John F. Kennedy

Presidential biography is separated from IQ evidence; retrospective estimates are never represented as administered tests.

1917–1963
Evidence ledger

What the record supports

Every card keeps the measure, year, method, and limitations attached to the number—or explains why no number is shown.

Historical estimate2006
138.9–159.8estimated IQ points

Simonton 2006 historiometric presidential IQ estimates

The minimum and maximum of four estimates (I-U, I-C, II-U, and II-C) reported in Simonton's Table 1.

Published historiometric estimate, not a measured IQ score.
Method and limits

Simonton used expectation-maximization with prior biographical ratings of intellectual brilliance, openness, and the limited Cox retrospective estimates.

  • No administered IQ test underlies this record.
  • The models depend on historical biographical ratings and assumptions about missing values.
  • The four variants should not be collapsed into a definitive score or ranking.

Uncertainty: This min–max span summarizes four model variants; it is not a confidence interval or test-score range.